Submitted by: Linda Woods and Judy Decker
Unit: African Art - Ceramics
Lesson Plan: Ceramic Draped Slab Masks
Grade Level: Middle School (adaptable to higher and lower grades)
Linda Woods' School Web Site St. Johns Lower School, Houston, Texas
Examples are by Linda Woods' students unless otherwise noted 
Elementary Adaptation below: Tracy Albert, May Whitney Elementary, Lake Zurich, Illinois Carnivale/Mardi Gras Masks (below)  Masks Around the World (adaptation below)

1. Compare and contrast various forms of artistic expression associated with specific groups of people, geographic regions, or time periods.
2. Investigate processes and beliefs used by various cultures and institutions, past and present, to create works of art -- Describe how artists use materials, tools, images, and ideas to create works of art.
3. Speculate about a work of art, i.e. who made it; what materials, techniques and skills were used; its intended purpose/audience; and how it was used -- Discover how an object is similar in function but different in structure due to who made it, materials used, and how and when it was made -- Identify the cultural clues found within arts forms and events -- Compare and discuss works of art based on similar sources of inspiration.
4. Control a variety of materials (clay, mixed media), tools techniques and processes while creating works of art -- Recognize how technical elements affect works of art. Explore texture and draped slab method of construction. Try additive and subtractive sculptural techniques.
5. Connect ides, materials, processes and techniques while creating works of art -- Assess, revise or adjust art products through a reflective process --Integrate planning
6. Discover how a group's beliefs and values are reflected in its art forms and stylistic choices

Mask handouts, 9 x12 newsprint (some may want longer paper for horns), pencils, scissors, clay (self hardening clay may be used, too), 
Newspapers, canvas cloth, 
guide sticks, rolling pins, 
slip dishes, clay modeling tools, potter's needles, fettling knives, texture gadgets (old Play-Dough tools are great), stamps, 
various texture tools, 
wood/Masonite boards, 
moist paper towels, 
plastic bags

For finishing:
Acrylic paint (brown, black and assorted colors), paint markers, brushes, water dishes,
wire for hanging (old telephone wire works great), 
jute, yarn, beads, gems, natural stones, shells, raffia, horsehair, boas, natural seed pods, and other nature things...moss, feathers, etc - Be creative! Tacky Glue, hot glue gun, glue sticks

Masks from Many Cultures - Crystal Production Video

Masks from Around the World - Links page

See African Masks http://www.artyfactory.com/africanmasks/index.htm Site gives a nice overview of styles, materials used and reasons for masks of Africa - shows a few examples (graphics not photos- but still good enough for students to get the idea) -- and there is a short quiz. The hands on project is a positive/negative space design (one exactly like I did with 6th graders and 3rd graders)

Kanika African Sculpture - See African inspired masks by Kanika Marshall

Look for more Mask Resources on Mask Makers Web http://www.maskmakersweb.org

1. Present overview of Art of Africa - show video or selection of slides. Discuss reasons for art. Africans do not have a word for art - They have a word for sculpture and a word for beauty. Take one class period discussing and critiquing various masks - the materials used - the purposes. Students may begin sketching ideas at this time. Linda uses: use the book "African Sculpture Speaks" as a resource.  She tells them what animism is and discusses the ways of tribal cultures.  The masks that they see are from tribes with no written language, so they also discuss the ways that the people keep their beliefs alive through ritual, dance, and art.  Linda and her students discuss how African art is not a decoration, rather, it is part of their spiritual beliefs and way of life.  They look at a lot of masks before they design their own.  While they are looking and guessing/learning what they were used for, kids are jotting down or sketching ideas that they like from the slides (9" x 12" newsprint works well for this)

2. Students explore more about African art via the Internet - select areas of particular interest for more in depth study. Students will answer as many of the short answer essay questions as time allows - the main emphasis is to explore. What they get down on paper is secondary. (spend one day)

3. Hands-on day for sharing and exploring art objects from Africa (if available). I had my own art objects and a culture trunk from the local resource center. Students speculated purpose and meaning based on knowledge gained from previous days. (spend one whole class period. Use some of the Guiding Questions from Seventh Grade unit of study).

4. Day 4 - Students continue work on drawing their own ideas. Show PowerPoint - have cycling throughout the class period. Have several pages of mask ideas and instructions at each table. Distribute plastic bags, boards and have students make their newspaper hump (make the size of drawing). I had students push newspapers into plastic face molds to get their forms started. Wrap a layer of newspaper over and tape flat on the bottom. I begin my demonstration showing students how to wedge and roll out the clay - using their mask drawing as a template. We trace around the cut out - and draw over the features of the mask making an impression into the wet clay. The mask shape is then draped over the newspaper hump. I demonstrate the proper way to wrap up their project.

5. Day 5. Class begins with a brief review of wedging and slab method and demonstration continues on additive (reviewing scoring and applying slip) and subtractive relief techniques. Various ways of adding texture are presented. Different techniques are discussed using various samples from the past. Students get their clay and begin working. Linda has a sure fire way to wrap her projects up when students come in only once a week:

At the beginning of the period, rather than at the end, she demonstrates to kids how to wrap their work correctly in plastic bags so as to keep their work from being a mud pie or dried out the following period.  She finds it works better to do this right along with the demo, because kids get too involved and are too distracted with trying to finish little details at the end of class. She had Masonite boards cut the exact size of the kids' storage bins 14x9 inches.  She tells them to first fully open a large plastic garbage bag, reach their hand inside to the bottom and put the bottom of the bag in the center of their bin.  Then they drape the sides of the bag over the edges of their bin and insert the board into the bin.  This eliminates the problem of having the heavy board and clay tearing the plastic bag. It helps to stabilize the clay, keep it from getting smashed, etc., to always wrap it up on a board that is inside of their box and already in the bottom of the bag. The next thing involves how wet to make the paper towels, and how many to use to keep the piece just as moist as it is on the first day of working on it.  She uses single fold janitorial type paper towels, soaked in a block right out of the carton.  She fills a bucket with water and inserts a half to a whole package into the water bucket (depending on number of kids in class) to soak through each towel.  Following this, she lays them in the sink, and pulls off sections about 1/2 inch thick for each kid.  The kids wring ALL the water out of them (no drips), but keep them folded still in their original stack.  When they get to their table they just pull up the top towel edge, and all of them stay stuck together like one continuous long sheet of damp but not drippy towel, enabling them to wrap and layer probably  3 or 4 layers thick.  Since the piece is already on the board, inside the bag, they are just draping the towels all around their work -- towels are not under the work, the board is, and then they just squeeze the air out of their bag, twist the ends well, and tuck the twisted end under their boards. 

6. Days 6 thru 8 (or how ever long your students need) - Review forming techniques - additive/subtractive techniques as needed. Have next project ready for students who finish early. I have moved to my African Paper Weaving project next - You may want to do a drawing project. Allow projects to dry to bone dry - bisque fire. In progress high school masks:

click images for larger views

Masks in progress from Vivian Komando's students - Pope John Paul II High School, Henderson, Tennessee. Vivian uses the same techniques as this lesson. Slabs are draped over a newspaper hump. Some students have left the texture of burlap (from rolling out the slab) in their masks.

Finishing the mask:

1. Demonstrate painting technique. I had my students do a wood look patina using brown acrylic paint - brushes on - then wiped off to show high lights. We antiqued with a black acrylic paint stain. Linda use a variety of dark colors for her masks. (this usually took one class period)

2. Demonstrate adding painted details and present a variety of techniques for adding "extras" (from materials list above). I had many different ideas shown on the mask samples I made through out the years and displayed these on a board for students to view (we took two class periods to add all of our "extras" wire for hanging - make earrings - add feathers -- jute beards, hair etc. Students who finished early worked on next project)

1. Following the slide show or video, students decide what kind of spirit they want to honor through their masks.  They write a story about the spirit of the mask on a note card that hangs along with it later.  The mask is planned on paper and cut out to  use as a template when they cut their clay slabs. 

2. Make newspaper hump the size of mask drawing - tape bottom flat. Cut out mask drawing (mask should be approximately the size of human head)

3. Wedge clay to remove air bubbles. Roll out slab of clay between guide sticks (approx 3/8 inch thick). Lay drawing on clay - trace around - trace over details of drawing to make an impression in the clay. Drape cut out clay slab over newspaper hump on Masonite/wood board. Smooth cut edges with damp sponge.

4. Add on details of facial features - build up using coils and added slabs. Carve in lines and shapes. Press in textures/stamps. Use straw to poke holes in sides for hanging (about 1/4 inch or so from edge - we usually put the holes at side in line with the eyes)

Linda has a coil extruder, so they used various sized coils to form the eyes, nose, lips, teeth (sliced coils), fangs, horns, etc.  Patterns are stamped onto the face with seed pods, gadgets, wood scraps, etc. 

Students are reminded of proper wrapping procedures to keep their project moist between work sessions.

5. Allow to get bone dry - bisque fire. Students work on next project during this time. I usually have it something related to African Art.

Following the firing (these techniques can be done on self hardening clay also):

1. Paint on a dark colored basecoat using acrylic paints.  Patterns and decoration are added over the basecoat. Linda's students masks were painted black, or some other dark color first and then painted with details and patterns over with acrylics (metallic colors were favorites -- gold is nice ). My students made a wood look patina using brown and black acrylic paint. The patina took one class period. Details were painted with a limited selection of acrylics and paint markers. Metallic paint markers were a favorite. Some students gave a gold patina using gold Rub 'n Buff.

2. Mixed media embellishments include wire, foil tooling strips,  raffia, jute, yarn, feathers (and Peacock furl), buttons, horsehair, moss, shells, beads, sequins, "gems", "stones" (with the look of real stones), rope, fur pelts (if available - I had fake fur fabrics for student to use), tinsel, leaves, birch bark, etc. Add earrings - hair - beards - be creative!

Handout (revise to your needs)

Find a selection of masks from various cultures to illustrate the handout. Choose some specific cultures that you want to focus on. Ones listed here are only a suggestion. 

African Masks

Name______________________________                                         Period____________

1. List some of the ways masks are used (purposes) in the following African Cultures:
   
   a. Bamana
   
   b. Baule 
   
   b. Bwa
   
   c. Dogon
   
   d. Kuba
   
   d. Senufo
   

2. List some materials that are used for mask making. Why do you suppose those materials are used? Select some of the cultures listed above.
   
   

3. List some characteristics of African masks. Select some of the cultures listed above.
   
   
   

4. List some of the ways masks are used today in our own American culture.
   
   
   

5. List some of the ceremonies, rituals or celebrations that are important to you.  Think about holidays and their meanings, religious ceremonies, personal achievements, special celebrations, as well as political or world events, which could be the focus of a carnival or celebration.
   
   
   

6. Use the list you created as well as your knowledge of masks to focus on a ceremony, ritual, personal achievement or world event that could be your inspiration for the "use" of the mask you create.  You can also create a ceremony or carnival with special meaning, that your mask would be used in.
   
   My Mask (make several thumbnail sketches)
   
   
   

1. Did students discuss - compare and contrast various masks of Africa? Were they able to speculate on materials used and purposes of art of Africa?

2. Did students create a mask showing characteristics of African art? Exaggeration, distortion, simplification of forms - concentric shapes?

3. Did students integrate planning into the creation of a ceramic mask using draped slab method with added coil and slab relief? Show an understanding of forming techniques?

4. Did students explore a variety of media in the completion of their ceramic mask? Exhibit craftsmanship?

5. Did students successfully critique and write about the meaning of their mask for display?

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Clay mask before decoration   Clay mask painted -- foil accents      Proud students show off!

Objectives and materials: same as above.

Procedures:

1. Drape slab over plastic face form - Use plastic wrap or newspaper as a separator.

2. Shape opening around eyes and mouth. Build up nose. Add sculptural elements - coil details, ears, etc. Texture if desired. (similar steps as above)

3. Remove from plastic mask form and support with newspaper till leather hard.

Allow to get to bone dry stage and bisque fire (this project could also be done with air dry clay)

1. Paint with tempera paints (may be clear coated when dry) or acrylics. Add paint marker details - accent with squeeze-puffy paints.

2. Add foil tooling accents. Hot glue foil or use Tacky glue and masking tape.

Submitted by Judy Decker  UNIT: Draped Slab - Renaissance (or Mardi Gras) Lesson: Carnivale Masks  Grade Level - Middle school thru high school Example is from Christina Salinas, Del Mar High School in San Jose, CA.  Click image for larger view.

Preparation: Make plaster face casts "humps" - one for each student. Use the plastic face forms as molds. Pour plaster in the INSIDE of the forms about half full.

I had a co-worker who made ceramic carnival masks with his students (Renaissance tie in - or Mardi Gras). Here is a site for inspiration.

Cheryl Mandus Leather Masks
http://www.angel-mask.com/

This is how my co-worker did them.... He made plaster cast humps from the plastic face molds (one plaster form for each student - cast by pouring plaster to the inside of form). Students made draped slab masks directly on the plaster cast humps. Decoration included carving, piercing and sprigging. Masks were taken off of the plaster hump before drying (so they wouldn't crack). Delicate masks were allowed to dry on crumpled newspaper. Ones that were very fragile were even fired with the paper under them (paper burned out). He liked glazing them with metallic brown and gun metal. Metallic paints might be nice - or acrylics with paint marker accents. 

Submitted by Christina Salinas, Del Mar High School in San Jose, CA.
Lesson: Masks Around the World - Cultural Mask
Grade Level: Middle School through High School.

The students start this project with a research paper on a cultural mask. The mask may be from their culture or from another culture. Part of the criteria when creating their mask, is to change it in some fashion personalizing the mask. They are not to make an exact replica of the cultural mask.

The students choose masks from all over the world, which makes it interesting and exciting to see what masks catches their attention.  Masks are given a modern look with metallic and pealescent paints. Students begin with a draped slab process.  check her Artsonia site to see all of the wonderful ideas -be sure to check previous years.

Some introductory lesson ideas from San D Hasselman (middle school - high school)

1. Open ended discussion with students (also have slides/posters/PowerPoint)
on what IS a mask. Ask them questions about what they think a mask is, and
why a mask is used, that sort of thing. Engage them and find out what they
know already. Learning happens when you can associate something you know
with something you don't. I would show examples from everything from ritual,
to religious, to theater, to Halloween. Have visual examples from as many
cultures as you can find. Note: A masks overview video could be shown on this day. See video by Crystal Productions - a slides from many African cultures could be shown (St. Louis Museum of Art has a nice slide set with narration).

2. Then explain that they will be concentrating on ONE type of MASK, from
one specific CULTURE. (Again have visuals). I would give them specific
information of that culture, and then go into why MASKS are used and
important in that culture. This would be part of my PowerPoint/slide/poster
presentation. I would give them a specific assignment to do in groups of 3
or 4 that had to do specifically with the culture, so that they would have a
basic understanding of the culture prior to concentrating on the masks. 

3. Today would be my Venn Diagram day and the masks. I would be
concentrating with having students comparing and contrasting various masks
from your chosen CULTURE. After they do the Venn Diagram, you can have an
open ended discussion with questions so as: What do these masks have in
common? How are they different? What are they made out of? What sizes are
they? What do they represent? How do you think they are worn? Note: if on time constraint, 2 and 3 could be done the same day).

4. Today I would hand out paper, and say "given all you know
about___________culture's masks, I want you to design 3 masks, each
representing a________________(could be ritual, animal, religious...whatever
YOU have descerned the culture to do with the masks). Tomorrow you will be
presenting your drawings to the class, explaining why you designed it they
way you did. Be prepared to explain how your masks fits into the
'stereotype' of the culture's mask. Your 'thumbnail sketches" MUST include
the following: Size, materials you would use to create the mask, Intent for
the mask. (thesis statement development)

5. Each student stands up in front of the class with their drawings and
'declares'. Students critique based on their knowledge of the culture (you
may want to write up a sheet of questions that students should be asking
themselves when they see the other students' drawings, with a rating system.
I collect these sheets from the students and then collate them so that each
kid gets a checklist from everyone in the class). At the end of the 5 days,
students will have learned about masks, concentrated on a specific culture,
compared and contrasted masks from that culture, designed masks based on
that culture and stood up in front of the class to declare their intent for
their designed masks and critiqued each other's ideas.

Students would work on their clay masks after a review of techniques to be used.

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